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Becoming Guanyin

Becoming Guanyin: Artistic Devotion of Buddhist Women in Late Imperial China (Columbia University Press, 2020)

Author Yuhang Li discusses the roles of gender and material culture in worshiping the bodhisattva Guanyin between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries in China.

Listen to an interview with Yuhang Li about Becoming Guanyin on the New Books Network podcast.

key themes
  • Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism
  • Gender and identity
  • Material culture
  • Sensory culture and religious practice
  • Mimetic devotion and bodily practice
  • Embroidery, jewelry, and women’s devotional objects
further reading
  • Bingenheimer, Marcus.  Island of Guanyin: Mount Putuo and its Gazetteers. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Bray, Francesca. Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
  • Cabezόn, Ignacio José. “Mother Wisdom, Father Love: Gender-based Imagery in Mahāyāna Buddhist Thought,” in Ignacio Jose Cabezόn ed., Buddhism, Sexuality, and Gender. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. 181-214.
  • Clunas, Craig. Empire of Great Brightness: Visual and Material Cultures of Ming China, 1368-1644. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007.
  • Faure, Bernard. The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity and Gender. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  • Grant, Beata. Eminent Nuns: Women Chan Masters of Seventeenth-century China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009.
  • Gyatso, Janet. “Sex,” in Donald S. Lopez Jr. ed. Critical Terms for the Study of Buddhism. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2005. 271-291.
  • Haufler (Weidner), Marsha. “Images of the Nine-Lotus Bodhisattva and the Wanli Empress Dowager.” Chungguksa yongu (The Journal of Chinese Historical Researches), no.35, April 30 (2005): 245-278.
  • ______.Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists: 1300-1912. Indianapolis: the Indianapolis Museum of Art, 1988.
  • Kieschnick, John. The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  • Ko, Dorothy. The Social Life of Inkstones: Artisans and Scholars in Early Qing China. Seattle: University of Washing Press, 2017.
  • ______. Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
  • Lai Yu-Chih, Gao Yanyi (Dorothy Ko), Ruan Yuan (Aida Yuen Wong) eds. Kanjian yu chupeng xingbie: Jinxiandai Zhongguo yishushi xin shiye 看見與觸碰性別:近現代中國藝術史新視野 (Seeing and Touching Gender: New Perspectives on Modern Chinese Art). Taipei: Rock Publishing, 2020.
  • Laing, Johnston Ellen. “Wives, Daughters and Lovers: Three Ming Dynasty Painters,” in Marsha Haufler [Weidner] et al., eds., Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912. Indianapolis, Ind.: The Indianapolis Museum of Art and Rizzoli International Publications Inc., 1988. 31-63.
  • Lee, Hui-shu. Empress, Art and Agency in Song Dynasty China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010. 
  • Lee Yu-min 李玉珉.  Guanyin tezhan 觀音特展 (Visions of Compassion: Images of Kuan-yin in Chinese Art). Taibei: Guoli gugong bowuyuan, 2000.
  • Luk Yu-Ping. “Qing Empresses as Religious Patrons and Practitioners,” in Daisy Yiyou Wang and Jan Stuart eds., Empresses of China’s Forbidden City: 1644-1912. Salem: Peabody Essex Museum and Washington DC: Freer|Sackler, Smithsonian Institution, 2018. 110-127.
  • Mann, Susan. Precious Records: Women in China’s Long Eighteenth Century. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
  • Murray, Julia. “Didactic Art for Women: The Ladies Classic of Filial Piety,” In Flowering in the Shadows: Women in the History of Chinese and Japanese Painting. Ed. Marsha Weidner. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1990. 27- 53.
  • Paul, Diana. Women in Buddhism: Images of the Feminine in Mahāyāna Tradition. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1979.
  • Promey, Sally M. ed. Sensational Religion: Sensory Cultures in Material Practice. New   Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 2014.
  • Rambelli, Fabio. Buddhist Materiality: A Cultural History of Objects in Japanese Buddhism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.
  • Sheng, Angela. “Women’s Work, Virtue, and Space: Change from Early to Late Imperial China.” East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, Issue 36. 1 (January 2012): 9-38.
  • Wang, Eugene Y. “Sound Observer and Ways of Representing Presences,” in Robert Maniura and Rupert Shepherd eds. Presence: the Inherence of Prototype within Images and Other Objects.  Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2006. 259-271.
  • Wong, Dorothy.  “Women as Buddhist Art Patrons during the Northern and SouthernDynasties,” in Wu Hung ed., Between Han and Tang: Religious Art and Archaeology in a Transformative Period, vol.1. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2000, 535-566.
  • Wu Hung (巫鸿). Zhongguo huihua zhong de nüxing kongjian中国绘画中的「女性空间」(Feminine Space in Chinese Painting). Beijing: Shenghuo, dushu, xinzhi sanlian shudian, 2019.
  • Yü, Chün-fang. Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
  • Yu, Jimmy. Sanctity and Self-Inflicted Violence in Chinese Religions, 1500-1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Parallel Modernism

Parallel Modernism: Koga Harue and Avant-Garde Art in Modern Japan (University of California Press, 2019)

Author Chinghsin Wu discusses conceptualizing global modernism through works by the Japanese artist Koga Harue.

key themes
  • Global modernism and global contemporary art
  • Transcultural and transnational approaches
  • Gender and identity
further reading
  • Alicia Volk, In Pursuit of Universalism: Yorozu Tetsugorō and Japanese Modern Art (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).
  • Bert Winther-Tamaki, Maximum Embodiment: Yōga, the Western Painting of Japan, 1912–1955 (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2012).
  • Gennifer Weisenfeld, Mavo: Japanese Artists and the Avant-Garde, 1905–1931 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
  • Erin Schoneveld, Shirakaba and Japanese Modernism: Art Magazines, Artistic Collectives, and the Early Avant- Garde. (Leiden: Brill, 2019).
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Chinese Ways of Seeing

Chinese Ways of Seeing and Open-Air Painting (Harvard University Asia Center, 2020)

Author Yi Gu discusses how the practice of plein air sketching was critical to shaping, and perceiving, national identity throughout modern Chinese art.

key themes
  • Calligraphy, brush arts, and word-and-image
  • Gardens, landscape, and environment
  • Global modernism and global contemporary art
  • Transcultural and transnational approaches
  • Visuality
  • Open-air painting
  • Comparative media studies
  • Art in authoritarian regime
  • Epistemological shifts
further reading
  • Andrews, Julia Frances. Painters and Politics in the People’s Republic of China, 1949-1979. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
  • Andrews, Julia Frances, and Kuiyi Shen. The Art of Modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.
  • Barme, Geremie. An Artist Exile: A Life of Feng Zikai(1898-1978). Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
  • Chung, Anita. Chinese Art in an Age of Revolution: Fu Baoshi (1904-1965). Cleveland Museum of Art, 2011.
  • Clarke, David. Chinese Art and Its Encounter with the World. Hong Kong University Press, 2011.
  • Clunas, Craig. Chinese Painting and Its Audiences. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2017.
  • Croizier, Ralph. Art and Revolution in Modern China: The Lingnan (Cantonese) School of Painting, 1906-1951. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988.
  • Roberts, Claire. Friendship in Art: Fou Lei and Huang Binhong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010.
  • Wong, Aida Y. Parting the Mists: Discovering Japan and the Rise of National-Style Painting in Modern China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006.
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Literati Lenses

Literati Lenses: Wenren Landscape in Chinese Cinema of the Mao Era (University of Hawaii Press, 2019)

Author Mia Yinxing Liu discusses how ideals of the scholar-gentleman and the aesthetics of landscape painting were deployed in the films of 1950s-1970s China.

key themes
  • Landscape, gardens, and environment
  • Art and politics
  • Cinema
  • Media studies and intermedia
  • Visual culture studies
further reading
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Eulogy for Burying a Crane

Eulogy for Burying a Crane and the Art of Chinese Calligraphy (University of Washington Press, 2019)

Author Lei Xue discusses how the art of writing in China became canonical through preservation in multiple mediums, as well as the many afterlives of a 6th century classic.

key themes
  • Calligraphy, brush arts, and word-and-image
  • Canon
further reading
  • Robert E. Harrist, Jr, The Landscape of Words: Stone Inscriptions from Early and Medieval China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008)
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Henri Bertin

Henri Bertin and the Representation of China in Eighteenth-Century France (Routledge, 2020)

Author John Finlay discusses the mutual fascination that enabled the transfer of objects and styles between eighteenth-century French and Chinese courts.

key themes
  • Calligraphy, brush arts, and word-and-image
  • Landscape, gardens, and environment
  • Material culture
  • Art and politics
  • Court art
  • Transcultural and transnational approaches
further reading
  • Lee, Chao-Ying. Visions de l’Empire du Milieu au 18e siècle en France: Illustrations des Mémoires concernant les Chinois (1776–1791). Paris: L’Harmattan, 2016.
  • Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les arts, les moeurs, les usages, &c. des Chinois: Par les missionnaires de Pekin, Joseph Amiot, François Bourgeois, Pierre-Martial Cibot, Aloys Kao, Aloys de Poirot, et al., comp., 15 vols. Paris: Nyon, 1776–1791.
  • Mungello, David E. The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800, Fourth Edition, Revised. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013.
  • Musillo, Marco. The Shining Inheritance: Italian Painters at the Qing Court, 1699–1812. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2016.
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Where Dragon Veins Meet

Where Dragon Veins Meet: The Kangxi Emperor and His Estate at Rehe (University of Washington Press, 2020)

Author Stephen H. Whiteman discusses reconstructing an imperial garden with digital tools and the importance of spatial ideology in early eighteenth-century China.

key themes
  • Calligraphy, brush arts, and word-and-image
  • Landscape, gardens, and environment
  • Court art
  • Art and politics
  • Transcultural and transnational approaches
further reading
  • Cahill, James. The Compelling Image: Nature and Style in Seventeenth-Century Chinese Painting. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Certeau, Michel de. “Spatial Stories.” In Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, translated by Steven Rendall, 115–130. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
  • Chang, Michael G. A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring and the Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.
  • Clunas, Craig. Fruitful Sites: Garden Culture in Ming Dynasty China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.
  • Cosgrove, Denis E. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998.
  • Crossley, Pamela Kyle. A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
  • Elliott, Mark C. “The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies.” Journal of Asian Studies 59:3 (2000): 603–46.
  • Forêt, Philippe. Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2000.
  • Hall, David L., and Roger T. Ames. “The Cosmological Setting of Chinese Gardens.” Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18:3 (1998): 175–86.
  • Harley, J. Brian. “Maps, Knowledge, and Power.” In The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography, edited by Paul Laxton, 51–83. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
  • Mitchell, W. J. T. “Imperial Landscape.” In Landscape and Power, edited by W. J. T. Mitchell, 5–34. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
  • Rawski, Evelyn S. “Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies 55:4 (1996): 829–50.
  • Strassberg, Richard E., and Stephen H. Whiteman. Thirty-Six Views: The Kangxi Emperor’s Mountain Estate in Poetry and Prints. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2016.
  • Upton, Dell. “Black and White Landscapes in Eighteenth Century Virginia.” In Material Life in America, 1600–1860, edited by Robert Blair St. George, 357–69. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1987.
  • Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, and Steve Izenour. Learning from Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.
  • Vinograd, Richard. “Family Properties: Personal Context and Cultural Pattern in Wang Meng’s ‘Pien Mountains’ of 1366.” Ars Orientalis 13 (1982): 1–29.
  • Whiteman, Stephen. From Upper Camp to Mountain Villa: Recovering Historical Narratives in Qing Imperial Landscapes.” Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 33:4 (2013): 249–79.
  • Yuan Senpo. “Qingdai kouwai xinggong de youlai yu Chengde Bishu shanzhuang de fazhan guocheng.” Qingshi luncong 2 (1980): 286–319.
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Emperor Qianlong’s Hidden Treasures

Emperor Qianlong’s Hidden Treasures: Reconsidering the Collection of the Qing Imperial Household (Hong Kong University Press, 2019)

Author Nicole Chiang discusses the history of collecting, artistic patronage, and how imperial court production was organized during eighteenth-century China.

key themes
  • Material culture
  • Court art
  • Transcultural and transnational approaches
  • Collecting and collections
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Bokujinkai

Bokujinkai: Japanese Calligraphy and the Postwar Avant-Garde (Brill, 2020)

Author Eugenia Bogdanova-Kummer discusses calligraphy, abstraction, and global contemporary art in postwar Japan.

key themes
  • Calligraphy, brush arts, and word-and-image
  • Global modernism and global contemporary art
  • Transcultural and transnational approaches
  • Abstract art and abstract painting
  • Postwar avant-garde
  • Modernism
further reading
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A Fashionable Century

A Fashionable Century: Textile Artistry and Commerce in the Late Qing (University of Washington Press, 2020)

Author Rachel Silberstein discusses textile history, craft, and gendered consumption in nineteenth-century China.

key themes
  • Gender and identity
  • Material culture
  • Art market and commerce
  • Dress, textiles, and the body
further reading
  • Daria Berg and Chloe Starr, eds. The Quest for Gentility in China: Negotiations beyond Gender and Class. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • James Cahill, Pictures for Use and Pleasure: Vernacular Painting in High Qing China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.
  • James Cahill, Julia M. White, and Sarah Handler, eds. Beauty Revealed: Images of Women in Qing Dynasty Chinese Painting. Berkeley: Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2013.
  • BuYun Chen, Empire of Style: Silk and Fashion in Tang China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019.
  • Sarah Dauncey, “Illusions of Grandeur: Perceptions of Status and Wealth in Late Ming Female Clothing and Ornamentation.” East Asian History 25–26 (2003): 43–68.
  • Fan Jinmin 範金民. Ming Qing Jiangnan shangye de fazhan 明清江南商業的發展. Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 1998.
  • Antonia Finnane, Changing Clothes in China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Grace S. Fong, “Female Hands: Embroidery as a Knowledge Field in Women’s Everyday Life in Late Imperial and Early Republican China.” Late Imperial China 25.1 (June 2004): 1–58
  • I-Fen Huang, “Gender, Technical Innovation, and Gu Family Embroidery.” EASTM (East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine), no. 36 (2012): 77–129.
  • Dorothy Ko, “Bondage in Time: Footbinding and Fashion Theory.” Fashion Theory 1.1. 2003: 3–28.
  • Rachel Silberstein, “Other People’s Clothes: The Second-Hand Clothes Dealer and the Art Dealer in Early Twentieth-Century China.” West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 26.2 (2019).
  • Wu Jen-shu 巫仁恕. Shechi de nüren: Ming Qing shiqi Jiangnan funü de xiaofei wenhua 奢侈的女人: 明清時期江南婦女的消費文化. Taipei: Sanmin Shuju, 2016.
  • Catherine Vance Yeh. Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals and Entertainment Culture, 1850–1910. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006.
  • Paola Zamperini, “Clothes That Matter: Fashioning Modernity in Late Qing Novels.” Fashion Theory 5.2 (2001): 195–214.
  • Zhang Ailing 張愛玲 (Aileen Chang), “A Chronicle of Changing Clothes.” positions: east asia cultures critique 11.2 (1943/2003): 427–41.
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